Preparación global en materia de violencia familiar del especialista de medicina general integral / Overall preparedness of family medicine specialists with respect to family violence

Introducción: Los especialistas de medicina general integral muestran un insuficiente desempeño en la detección, evaluación e intervención ante casos de violencia. Objetivo: Evaluar la preparación global en materia de violencia familiar del especialista de medicina general integral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, durante el primer semestre de 2019, que incluyó a 55 especialistas de medicina general integral, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario, a partir de las tres dimensiones derivadas de la preparación global: A. prevención del riesgo, detección temprana y patogenia; B. evaluación y diagnóstico; C. intervención y seguimiento. Estas se operacionalizaron a través de veinte indicadores y en su evaluación se definieron cinco categorías o niveles: muy elevado, elevado, medio, bajo y muy bajo. Resultados: En las tres dimensiones exploradas se constató un predominio franco de la alternativa regularmente preparado, seguida por mal preparado. Por su parte, bien preparado, muy bien preparado y excelentemente preparado mostraron los porcentajes más bajos en todas las áreas. El 92,72 por ciento exhibió un nivel de preparación global muy bajo. El nivel de preparación global medio representó el 3,64 por ciento; y el nivel bajo, el 3,64 por ciento. Conclusiones: Existen insuficiencias en el orden cognitivo, axiológico y procedimental, que demuestran que la preparación global de estos profesionales en materia de violencia familiar tiene un limitado alcance para afrontar las variadas formas de expresión de este reprobable comportamiento(AU)

Introduction: Family medicine specialists show insufficient performance in the detection, evaluation and intervention in cases of violence. Objective: To evaluate the overall preparedness of family medicine specialists with respect to family violence. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the first semester of 2019 with 55 family medicine specialists, who were applied a questionnaire, based on the three dimensions derived from overall preparedness: A. risk prevention, early detection and pathogenesis; B. evaluation and diagnosis; and C. intervention and follow-up. These were operationalized through twenty indicators and, through their evaluation, five categories or levels were defined: very high, high, medium, low and very low. Results: In the three explored dimensions, there was a clear predominance of the category fairly prepared, followed by poorly prepared. On the other hand, the categories well prepared, very well prepared and excellently prepared showed the lowest percentages in all the areas. A very low level of overall preparedness was found in 92.72 percent. A medium level of overall preparedness accounted for 3.64 percent, while a low level corresponded to 3.64 percent. Conclusions: There are insufficiencies in the cognitive, axiological and procedural order, which shows that the overall preparedness of these professionals with respect to family violence has a limited scope to face the varied forms of expression of this reprehensible behavior(AU)

Relación entre síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores víctimas de violencia familiar / Relationship between Psychopathological Symptoms and Family Functioning in Older Adults Victims of Family Violence

Introducción: Las familias son un soporte social importante para el bienestar de sus miembros, sobre todo los adultos mayores, quienes resultan vulnerables al maltrato intrafamiliar que pueden afectar su calidad de vida y generar síntomas psicopatológicos; sin embargo, existe poca evidencia científica de esta relación. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores, víctimas de violencia familiar. Métodos: Estudio transversal, correlacional, en hospital distrital de La Esperanza, Trujillo, Perú, entre junio-octubre 2019. Población 170 adultos mayores asistidos en consulta psicológica, muestra por conveniencia de 151 adultos mayores: 84 víctimas y 67 no víctimas de maltrato. Los instrumentos empleados fueron cuestionario SCL-90 y APGAR familiar. Se procesaron los datos con el Coeficiente de correlaciones de Spearman, la fórmula de transformación de Rupinski y Dunlap y la q de Cohen. Resultados: El funcionamiento familiar tiene relación inversa con la somatización y depresión, en víctimas (r = -0,481; -0,536) y no víctimas de violencia familiar (r = -0,329; -0,387); las víctimas presentaron relaciones negativas del funcionamiento familiar con la obsesión-compulsión (r = -0,336), sensibilidad interpersonal (r = -0,314), ansiedad (r = -0,355), hostilidad (r = -0,435) e ideación paranoide (r = -0,511); la proporción de las diferencias entre las correlaciones de muestras arrojan un tamaño de efecto grande entre funcionamiento familiar e ideación paranoide y mediano entre hostilidad y funcionamiento familiar. Conclusiones: Existe correlación entre los síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores víctimas y no víctimas de violencia familiar, con diferencias entre correlaciones de ambas muestras en la relación del funcionamiento familiar con la hostilidad y la ideación paranoide(AU)

Introduction: Families are an important social support for the welfare of their members, especially older adults, who are vulnerable to familial mistreatment, which can affect their quality of life and produce psychopathological symptoms; however, there is little scientific evidence about this relationship. Objective: To analyze the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and family functioning in older adults who are victims of family violence. Methods: Cross-sectional and correlational study carried out in La Esperanza district hospital, in Trujillo, Peru, between June and October 2019. The population was made up of 170 older adults attended in the psychological consultation. A convenience sample of 151 older adults was chosen: 84 victims and 67 non-victims of mistreatment. The instruments used were the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Apgar-family questionnaires. Data were processed with Spearman's coefficient of correlation, Rupinski and Dunlap's transformation formula, and Cohen's q. Results: Family functioning showed inverse relationships with somatization and depression in victims (r=-0.481; -0.536) and non-victims of family violence (r=-0.329; -0.387). Victims presented negative relationships of family functioning with obsession-compulsion (r=-0.336), interpersonal sensitivity (r=-0.314), anxiety (r=-0.355), hostility (r=-0.435) and paranoid ideation (r=-0.511). The proportion of differences between sample correlations yielded a large effect size between family functioning and paranoid ideation, while it is average between hostility and family functioning. Conclusions: There is correlation between psychopathological symptoms and family functioning in older adult who are victims and non-victims of family violence, with differences between correlations of both samples in the relationship of family functioning with hostility and paranoid ideation, respectively(AU)

A atuação da Atenção Hospitalar como ponto da Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência contra a Criança / The role of hospital care as a point of the Network to Combat Violence against Children

O fenômeno da violência coloca para os níveis de saúde a necessidade do desenvolvimento de ações intrassetoriais, intersetoriais e o fortalecimento das ferramentas disponíveis para o cuidado de crianças e famílias em situação de violência. A Atenção Hospitalar possui portas de entrada que atendem casos de crianças violentadas, porém ainda não reconhece-se como um ponto de atenção capaz de atuar sob forma de rede para o enfrentamento da violência. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e compreender as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança nas últimas duas décadas no Brasil. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS:Identificar as normativas implementadas pelo governo brasileiro no período de 2000 até 2020 sobre a caracterização dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento às violências intrafamiliar contra criança; Analisar as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança; Identificar o perfil das unidades hospitalares no manejo dos casos de violência contra crianças METODOLOGIA: Foi estudo exploratório e descritivo realizado através de revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa, para a coleta dos dados foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online. O critério de seleção das fontes foi a disponibilidade via web, na base de dados da área, dentro do período de tempo delimitado do estudo - 2000 - 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 17 artigos, 03 teses, 01 capítulo de livro e 01 protocolo de rede de proteção municipal e com análise do material foram construídas cinco categorias de análises: I) Políticas Públicas Brasileiras e o enfrentamento da Violência contra Criança na Atenção Hospitalar; II) Percepção dos profissionais de saúde acerca do atendimento da criança violentada/maltratada no serviços hospitalares que tratou dos significados e sentimentos desencadeados nos profissionais de saúde no cuidado de crianças violentadas; III) Elementos da Rede de Proteção/Prevenção à violência contra criança na perspectiva dos profissionais (ou elementos que apontem para isso) como a formação de equipes multidisciplinares e multiprofissionais na discussão dos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de violência; criação de protocolos, diretrizes e normatizações que orientem a conduta dos profissionais no acolhimento, atendimento, registro e encaminhamento dos casos; fomento de práticas intersetoriais para o cuidado integral de crianças e famílias em situação de violências; capacitação e educação permamente para as equipes profissionais que atuam no serviço hospitalar; IV) Programa de Proteção à Criança - a experiência institucional do Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre no enfrentamento da violência contra criança; e V) Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente em Situação de Risco para a violência - protocolo do município de Curitiba. CONCLUSÃO: As Redes de Atenção são concepções de trabalho que coloca para os pontos de atenção os desafios da integração, da conectividade, da reorganização das normativas de trabalho, da criação de espaços de gestão compartilhada e o direcionamento para um único objetivo a todos os serviços da rede.

The phenomenon of violence places the need to develop intrasectoral and intersectoral actions and the strengthening of available tools for the care of children and families in situations of violence at the health levels. Hospital care has gateways that assist cases of violent children, but it is not yet recognized as a point of care capable of acting in the form of a network to face violence. OBJECTIVES: To identify and understand how hospital institutions' intervention and performance strategies have been a point of attention in the network to combat violence against children in the last two decades in Brazil. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Identify the norms against children by the Brazilian government 2000 of 2020 family period services on the characterization of coping with family violence; To analyze the intervention and performance strategies of hospital institutions as a point of attention of the network to combat violence against children; Identify the profile of hospital units in the management of cases of violence against children METHODOLOGY: It was an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through an integrative literature review. For data collection, a literature search was carried out in the Virtual Health Library (BVS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases. The source selection criterion was availability via the web, in the area's database, within the delimited period of time of the study - 2000 - 2020. RESULTS: 17 articles, 03 theses, 01 book chapter and 01 research protocol were selected. municipal protection network and with analysis of the material, five categories of analysis were constructed: I) Brazilian Public Policies and the confrontation of Violence against Children in Hospital Care; II) Perception of health professionals about the care of abused/abused children in hospital services that dealt with the meanings and feelings triggered in health professionals in the care of abused children; III) Elements of the Protection/Prevention Network against violence against children from the perspective of professionals (or elements that point to it) such as the formation of multidisciplinary and multiprofessional teams in the discussion of suspected or confirmed cases of violence; creation of protocols, guidelines and norms that guide the conduct of professionals in the reception, care, registration and referral of cases; fostering intersectoral practices for the comprehensive care of children and families in situations of violence; permanent training and education for the professional teams that work in the hospital service; IV) Child Protection Program - the institutional experience of Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre in dealing with violence against children; and V) Network for the Protection of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Violence - protocol of the city of Curitiba. CONCLUSION: The Care Networks are works concept that places the challenges of integration, connectivity, reorganization of work regulations, the creation of shared management spaces and the direction towards a single objective for all the services.

Estratégias digitais para o enfrentamento da violência familiar contra crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia do Covid-19 / Digital strategies for tackling family violence against children and adolescents in times of the Covid-19 pandemic

A presente dissertação tomou como objetivo de trabalho analisar as iniciativas de instituições governamentais e da sociedade civil para a prevenção de violência familiar contra crianças e adolescentes, disseminadas pela internet no contexto da pandemia do Covid-19. A metodologia adotada foi a análise de discurso crítica como forma de interpretação dos materiais coletados na pesquisa. Os resultados foram dispostos a partir de dois capítulos, o primeiro realizando a caracterização dos materiais gerais coletados e o segundo trazendo a análise dos discursos dos materiais voltados à prevenção de violências durante a pandemia. A partir da análise dos materiais, podemos constatar o esvaziamento dos agentes públicos nas ações de prevenção de violência durante o período da pandemia, em especial o setor saúde, que historicamente vinha desenvolvendo um papel de protagonista no campo da violência, mas que aparentemente transferiu tal responsabilidade para o Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos. Como destaque, ressaltamos o trabalho das ONGs enquanto grandes disseminadoras de conteúdos nos ambientes digitais com vistas à proteção de crianças e adolescentes durante o isolamento social. Conclui-se que de modo geral podemos considerar as ações disseminadas durante a pandemia como importantes para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes, embora ainda precisemos avançar no que tange a utilização do ambiente digital como ferramenta de diálogo com a população acerca de questões essenciais como a prevenção de violência.

The present dissertation aimed to analyze the initiatives of governmental institutions and civil society for the prevention of family violence against children and adolescents, disseminated over the internet in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodology adopted was critical discourse analysis as a way of interpreting the materials collected in the research. The results were arranged from two chapters, the first performing the characterization of the general materials collected and the second bringing the analysis of the discourses of the materials aimed at preventing violence during the pandemic. From the analysis of the materials, we can see the emptiness of public agents in violence prevention actions during the pandemic period, especially the health sector, which historically had been playing a leading role in the field of violence, but which apparently transferred this responsibility to the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights. As a highlight, we highlight the work of NGOs as great disseminators of content in digital environments with a view to protecting children and adolescents during social isolation. It is concluded that, in general, we can consider the actions disseminated during the pandemic as important for the protection of children and adolescents, although we still need to advance in terms of the use of the digital environment as a tool for dialogue with the population about essential issues such as violence prevention.

Caracterización del delito de lesiones a mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica / Characterization of the crime of injuries against female victims of domestic violence

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia contra la mujer incluye todo acto violento por razón de género, que produce o puede causar daño físico, sexual, psicológico o algún tipo de sufrimiento mediante amenazas, coerción o privaciones arbitrarias de su libertad. Objetivo: determinar los factores que incidieron en los delitos de lesiones contra la mujer como forma de violencia doméstica en la provincia de Pinar del Río. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y longitudinal con 236 lesionadas que fueron entrevistadas en el Departamento Provincial de Medicina Legal, por existir una denuncia por delito de lesiones en el marco de la familia durante el período 2017-2018. La información se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a las víctimas y la revisión de la base de datos estadística existente en el libro de control de la actividad pericial del mencionado departamento de Pinar del Río. Resultados: la mayoría de las víctimas tenían edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 35 años, y eran de la raza blanca y del municipio Pinar del Río. La relación con el victimario fue de pareja sexual, siendo el puñetazo el modus operandi y la conducta violenta el factor de riesgo más frecuente; se destacaron los celos como móvil del hecho. Predominaron el horario nocturno y las lesiones no graves sin necesidad de tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: la violencia doméstica constituye un problema de salud y social en la provincia pinareña, por lo que instituciones sociales, de salud y autoridades deben trabajar de conjunto para su prevención y reducción (AU).

Introduction: violence against women includes any violent act on the basis of gender, which causes or may cause physical, sexual, psychological or any other kind of suffering through threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of their freedom. Objective: to determine the factors that affected the crimes of injury against women as a form of domestic violence in the province of Pinar del Río. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive and longitudinal investigation was conducted with 236 injured women that were interviewed in the Provincial Department of Legal Medicine, because there was a complaint for crime of injuries within the family during the period 2017-2018. The information was obtained through the application of a survey of the victims and the review of the existing statistical database in the control book of the expert activity of the aforementioned department of Pinar del Río. Results: most of the victims were between the ages of 16 and 35, of the white race and from the municipality of Pinar del Río. The relationship with the victim was sexual partner, with the punch being the modus operandi and violent behavior the most frequent risk factor; jealousy stood out as mobile of the fact. Night hours and non-serious injuries without the need for medical treatment predominated. Conclusions: domestic violence is a health and social problem in the province of Pinar del Rio, so social and health institutions, and the authorities must work together to prevent and reduce violence (AU).

Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: Huellas de las promesas incumplidas: el devenir del aprendizaje en contextos violentos / Atheneaum Psychopedagogic Residence: Traces of unfulfilled promises: the evolution of learning in violent contexts

Ateneo del Equipo de Psicopedagogía del Centro de Salud Nº 13, del Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos P. Piñero, de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, centrado en la problemática de la violencia en la clínica psicopedagógica con niños/as, y en cómo se verán atravesados los procesos de aprendizaje de los/as niños/as víctimas o testigos de violencia con los/as que trabaja el Equipo. Se realiza un breve recorrido histórico del concepto de violencia, para intentar una posible conceptualización de la misma, y se analiza la dimensión socio-cultural e histórica de la violencia, enmarcada en el sistema patriarcal e influida por las relaciones de poder. Se hace hincapié en la violencia familiar y, más particularmente en la violencia de género y se profundiza en las distintas formas de maltrato infantil.

Os desafios do trabalho de grupo no núcleo de prevenção à violência na UBS Vila Maggi / The challenges of group work at the violence prevention core in UBS Vila Maggi / Los desafíos del trabajo grupal en el centro de prevención de violencia UBS Vila Maggi

RESUMO A violência é um fenômeno complexo e multifatorial, que se configura como problema social com forte impacto na saúde. No território de abrangência da UBS Vila Maggi, acolhemos cotidianamente diversos tipos de violências relacionados ao contexto familiar. Entendendo que todos os grupos populacionais são vulneráveis à violência, e que a violência guarda relações profundas com a estrutura social, econômica e política, compreende-se que a esta se dá de forma mais impactante em regiões socioeconômicas mais vulneráveis e com condições inadequadas de habitabilidade.

ABSTRACT Violence is a multifatorial and complex phenomenon that configurates as a social problem with heavy impact in our health. In the territory of the UBS Vila Maggi, we routinely recieve several types of family related violence. In understanding that all populational groups are subjected to violence and that violence itself holds deeps relations with political, economic and social structure, one can understands that it will impact more heavily in vulnerable regions with poor housing and poor social-economic conditions.

RESUMEN La violencia es un fenómeno multifatorial y complejo que se configura como un problema social con gran impacto en nuestra salud. En el territorio de la UBS Vila Maggi, habitualmente recibimos varios tipos de violencia familiar. Al comprender que todos los grupos poblacionales están sujetos a la violencia y que la violencia en sí misma mantiene profundas relaciones con la estructura política, económica y social, uno puede entender que tendrá un mayor impacto en las regiones vulnerables con viviendas y condiciones socioeconómicas pobres.

Violencia intrafamiliar contra mujeres de Santiago de Cuba / Intrafamilial Violence against Women from a Medical Office in Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La violencia de género representa en la actualidad un grave problema para la humanidad y afecta a todos los países y a millones de personas, sobre todo a mujeres y niñas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las mujeres que sufren violencia intrafamiliar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No. 12 del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña, del municipio Santiago de Cuba, en el período noviembre 2018 a junio 2019. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 378 mujeres de 15 años y más, y la muestra por 43 féminas que sufrían algún tipo de violencia. Se les aplicó un cuestionario. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, escolaridad, nivel ocupacional, estado conyugal, tipo de abuso y familiar perpetrador de la violencia. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencia absolutas y porcentaje. Los datos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11.0. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran en tablas y gráficos, para facilitar su comprensión y análisis. Resultados: Se evidenció que 43,6 por ciento perteneció al grupo de edad de 20 a 35 años; 53,4 por ciento era ama de casa, predominó la unión consensual (55,9 por ciento), el nivel superior medio (48,8 por ciento), la violencia física (41,9 por ciento), perpetrada por el esposo o pareja (44,2 por ciento) y 53,5 por ciento no tuvo percepción del acto. Conclusiones: Fue frecuente la presencia de violencia contra las mujeres, acto que involucraba al resto de la familia. Las féminas no tenían percepción de que eran maltratadas, y eran en su mayoría amas de casa sometidas a la voluntad de su pareja(AU)

Introduction: Gender-related violence currently represents a serious problem for humanity and affects all countries and millions of people, especially women and girls. Objective: To characterize women who suffer domestic violence and from a family medical office in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the family medical office # 12 of Ramón López Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba Municipality, in the period from November 2018 to June 2019. The study universe consisted of 378 women aged 15 years and more. The sample was made up of 43 women who suffered some type of violence. A questionnaire was applied to them. The variables studied were age, schooling, occupational level, marital status, type of abuse and relative perpetrator of violence. For processing the information, absolute frequency and percentage distributions were used. The data were processed using the statistical package SPSS (version 11.0). The results obtained are shown in tables and graphs, to facilitate their understanding and analysis. Results: It was evidenced that 43.6 percent belonged to the age group 20-35 years. 53.4 percent; were housewives. There was a predominance of consensual union (55.9 percent), senior-high schooling (48.8 percent), and physical violence (41.9 percent), perpetrated by the husband or partner (44, 2 percent), while 53.5 percent had no perception of the act. Conclusions: The presence of violence against women was frequent, an act that involved the rest of the family. The women had no perception that they were mistreated. They were mostly housewives subjected to the will of their partner(AU)

Violence against children and adolescents: notification and alert in times of pandemic / Violência contra crianças e adolescentes: notificações e alerta em tempos de pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: Social isolation is currently identified as the best way to prevent the infection by the new coronavirus. However, for some social groups, such as children and adolescents, this measure carries a contradiction: the home, which should be the safest place for them, is also a frequent environment of a sad aggravation: domestic violence. This study aims to evaluate the notifications of interpersonal/self-inflicted violence available in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases in the State of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil), for the juvenile age group, before and during the new coronavirus pandemics. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. Results: During the study period, 136 municipalities in Santa Catarina made 1,851 notifications. There was a decrease of 55.3% of them in the isolation period, and the difficulties encountered in seeking protection and assistance institutions were listed. Conclusions: The society needs to be aware of possible cases of violence in the children and adolescent population. It is important to provide accessible, effective, and safe ways for complaints and notifications, as well as a quick response to the cases, aiming at protecting victims and minimizing damages to prevent the perpetuation of the violence.

RESUMO Objetivo: O isolamento social é identificado, no momento, como a melhor forma para evitar o contágio pelo novo coronavírus. Porém, para alguns grupos sociais, como crianças e adolescentes, essa medida carrega uma contradição: o lar, que deveria ser o local mais seguro para eles, é também um ambiente frequente de um triste agravo, a violência doméstica. Este estudo visou avaliar e comparar as notificações compulsórias de violências interpessoais/autoprovocadas disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Estado de Santa Catarina, pré e pós-pandemia do novo coronavírus. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico das violências contra crianças e adolescentes (de 0 a 19 anos de idade completos) notificadas pelos profissionais de saúde mediante o preenchimento e a inserção das ocorrências no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 11 semanas em que foi instituída como obrigatória a medida de isolamento social, comparando tais eventos com os de igual período anterior a essa medida. Resultados: No período estudado, 136 municípios catarinenses realizaram 1.851 notificações. Houve diminuição de 55,3% destas no período de isolamento, listando-se possíveis dificuldades encontradas para a procura de instituições de proteção e assistência. Conclusões: Alerta-se para a necessidade de a sociedade estar atenta para a suspeita e evidência dos casos de violência na população infantojuvenil, e ressalta-se a importância de que sejam propiciadas formas acessíveis, eficazes e seguras, como incentivo para as denúncias, a notificação e o rápido atendimento dos casos, visando à proteção das vítimas, à minimização dos danos e, assim, ao impedimento da perpetuação da violência.

Factores asociados al maltrato físico en menores de cinco años de edad perpetrado por sus progenitoras / Factors Associated with Physical Mistreatment against Children under the Age of Five and Performed by their Mothers

Introducción: El castigo físico en contra del niño dentro del seno familiar y ejercido por la madre es un problema de salud pública en América Latina. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al maltrato físico en menores de cinco años de edad perpetrado por sus madres. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional basado en el análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía (ENDES), 2017. La muestra estuvo conformada por 13 565 niños menores de cinco años. Se calculó el chi cuadrado y el valor de p, así como el odds ratio crudo (ORc) y su intervalo de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Existió menor riesgo de maltrato en los niños menores de cinco años que resideían en la selva, cuando el esposo o conviviente de la madre vivía en la casa y cuando existía violencia psicológica o física en contra de la mujer. Existió mayor riesgo de maltrato físico cuando las madres hablaban aymara u otra lengua indígena/originaria, cuando la pareja tenía instrucción secundaria o superior o cuando la mujer agredía a su pareja. Conclusiones: La violencia física contra el niño menor de cinco años resultó más probable cuando la madre estaba expuesta a situaciones estresantes, posiblemente mediadas por las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica o pobreza que vive, sobre todo cuando tenía raíces indígenas y residía en la costa, todo esto exacerbado por la incapacidad para la solución de problemas que, finalmente, derivan en violencia, incluso contra el esposo o conviviente(AU)

Introduction: Physical punishment against the child within the family and performed by her or his mother is a public health concern in Latin America. Objective: To determine the factors associated with physical mistreatment in children under five years of age performed by their mothers. Methods: We carried out an observational study based on the secondary analysis of the data from the 2017 National Survey of Health and Demography (ENDES, as it stands in Spanish for Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía). The sample consisted of 13,565 children under the age of five. Chi square and the P value were calculated, together with the crude odds ratio (ORc) and its 95 percent confidence interval. Results: There was a lower risk of mistreatment in children under the age of five who lived in the jungle, when the mother's husband or partner lived in the house and when there was psychological or physical violence against the woman. There was an increased risk of physical abuse when the mothers spoke Aymara or another indigenous or native language, when the couple had secondary or higher education, or when the woman attacked her partner. Conclusions: Physical violence against children under five years of age was more likely when the mother was exposed to stressful situations, possibly mediated by the conditions of economic vulnerability or poverty that she lives through, especially when she had indigenous roots and lived on the coast, all this exacerbated by the inability to solve problems that ultimately lead to violence, even against the husband or partner(AU)

Determinación social del malestar psicológico y el estrés en hombres que ejercen violencia familiar en la Ciudad de México / Social determinants of psychological distress and stress in men who perpetrate family violence in Mexico City

RESUMEN El objetivo es describir y analizar la determinación social del malestar psicológico y el estrés en dos grupos de hombres de la Ciudad de México que asistían a programas reeducativos por violencia familiar. Para ello, se realizó un estudio no experimental, transversal, descriptivo con metodología cualitativa y enfoque interpretativo, en el que se aplicó un cuestionario y se realizaron grupos focales. Los síntomas de estrés reportados fueron dolores musculares; insomnio y pesadillas; náuseas, dolor de estómago e indigestión; dolores de cabeza, mareos, irritabilidad o mal humor. Los principales problemas que podrían estar generando esta sintomatología serían la economía personal y familiar; la salud de ellos y sus familiares y los malestares mentales, entre otros aspectos. Existen diferencias relacionadas con las condiciones de vida y los efectos de la violencia doméstica. Los abordajes que solo consideran la masculinidad hegemónica o el género para el trabajo con varones en sus diferentes condiciones y problemáticas, sin considerar la desigualdad social y, en especial, las condiciones de vida, pueden ser insuficientes para explicar y modificar las causas de las afectaciones generadas y experimentadas por los varones.

ABSTRACT The social determinants of psychological distress and stress are described and analyzed in two groups of men attending reeducation programs for family violence in Mexico City. A non-experimental, descriptive, transversal study was conducted employing a qualitative methodology and an interpretive approach, in which questionnaires were utilized and focus groups were held. Symptoms of stress that were reported included muscle aches, insomnia and nightmares, headaches or dizziness, irritability or bad mood, nausea, stomach pain and indigestion. The principal issues that could be identified as the root of these symptoms included personal and family finances, their own health or that of their family members, and mental distress, among others. Differences with respect to living conditions and the effects of domestic violence were present. We argue that initiatives directed at men and their particular conditions and problems which are based on a hegemonic view of masculinity and gender are likely to be limited in their capacity to explain and modify the causes of situations generated by and experienced by men.

Factores asociados a la violencia familiar en estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud / Factors associated with family violence in university students of health sciences

Introducción: La violencia familiar es un problema social que afecta a un alto porcentaje de familias de cualquier comunidad en todos los niveles económicos y culturales. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la violencia familiar en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica. Método: Análisis secundario en una muestra de 1201 estudiantes universitarios que cursaban las carreras profesionales de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica (Facultades de Medicina, Odontología, Enfermería, Farmacia y Ciencias). Se calcularon los OR ajustados con sus intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Los estudiantes que presentaron mayor riesgo de ser víctimas de violencia familiar fueron las mujeres (OR = 1,92; IC95 por ciento:1,21-3,03), los menores a 20 años (OR = 1,84; IC95 por ciento:1,21-2,78), aquellos que fueron víctimas de maltrato infantil (OR = 3,93; IC95 por ciento:2,35-6,59), los que consumieron bebidas alcohólicas (OR = 1,75; IC95 por ciento:1,02-2,99), con bajo nivel de autoestima (OR = 3,48; IC95 por ciento:1,94-6,21), pertenecientes a familias disfuncionales (OR = 4,06; IC95 por ciento:2,26-7,30) y en aquellos que no perciben exigencia docente en los estudios (OR = 2,19; IC95 por ciento:1,43-3,36). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la salud de sexo femenino, menores de 20 años, con antecedentes de maltrato infantil, en cuyas familias está presente el alcoholismo, que tienen bajo nivel de autoestima y no perciben exigencia docente en los estudios tienen mayor riesgo de ser víctimas de violencia familiar(AU)

Introduction: Family violence is a social problem that affects a high percentage of families in any community from all economic and cultural levels. Objective: To determine the factors associated with family violence in students of Health Sciences from San Luis Gonzaga de Ica University, Peru. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted in a sample of 1201 university students who attended the Health Sciences majors of San Luis Gonzaga de Ica National University (Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Pharmacy and Sciences Faculties). Adjusted ORs were calculated with their confidence intervals at 95 percent. Results: Students who presented the highest risk for being victims of family violence were women (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.21-3.03), those under 20 years old (OR=1.84, 95 percent CI:1.21-2.78), those who were victims of child abuse (OR=3.93, 95 percent CI:2.35-6.59), those who consumed alcoholic beverages (OR=1.75, 95 percent CI:1.02-2.99), those with low self-esteem (OR=3.48, 95 percent CI:1.94-6.21), those belonging to dysfunctional families (OR=4.06, 95 percent CI:2.26-7.30), and those who do not perceive teacher's exigency in their studies (OR=2.19, 95 percent CI: 1,43-3.36) Conclusions: Female health sciences´ university students, under 20 years old, with a history of child abuse, with alcoholism present in their families, who have low self - esteem and with no teaching exigencies in their studies have a higher risk for being victims of family violence(AU)

La violencia intrafamiliar. Un problema de salud actual / Intrafamily violence. A current health problem

La violencia intrafamiliar afecta a niveles crecientes la salud física, psicoemocional y social de quienes la sufren.Sistematizar el comportamiento de este fenómeno en la actualidad.El trabajo tuvo como base la búsqueda bibliográfica y los resultados de investigaciones con familias cubanas. Se enfoca en las generalidades sobre la violencia intrafamiliar, la violencia intrafamiliar como problema de salud, la violencia intrafamiliar en los diferentes contextos socioculturales y se proponen orientaciones generales para su prevención, útiles para la labor asistencial, investigativa y docente de los profesionales de la salud(AU)

Caracterización de la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas / Characterization of domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples

Introducción: La violencia alcanza la categoría de epidemia en muchos países. Sus registros son mínimos cuando se produce en la cotidianidad del hogar o en el marco de una relación de pareja. Objetivo: Caracterizar la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el policlínico capitalino Ana Betancourt durante el año 2017. El universo de estudio estuvo representado por 43 parejas. A las 30 parejas, escogidas por criterios de selección, se les aplicó un cuestionario y la alternativa de respuesta, a cada rubro, se eligió por acuerdo entre las partes. Resultados: Se constató maltrato psicológico en 60 por ciento de las parejas y maltrato combinado en 40 por ciento. En ambas modalidades, la totalidad señaló que el castigo ocurrió en seis o más ocasiones durante el último año, y a la figura masculina como victimaria, en más de la mitad de las veces, la cual, 33,3 por ciento estaba bajo el efecto del alcohol. La totalidad refirió, casi siempre, discusiones en el hogar y declaró nunca utilizar la negociación para intentar solucionar conflictos; 43,3 por ciento señaló las relaciones afectivas de precaria calidad como el principal factor de riesgo familiar asociado al actual patrón de violencia doméstica. Conclusiones: La violencia se detectó en la totalidad de las parejas. Predominó el maltrato psicológico. Prevaleció el estilo autoritario en la relación de pareja. Como consecuencia del comportamiento violento ambos cónyuges están física y mentalmente dañados(AU)

Introduction: Violence reaches the category of epidemics in many countries. Its records are minimal when it occurs in the daily life of a home or in the context of a couple's relationship. Objective: To characterize domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Ana Betancourt Policlinic, in Havana City during 2017. The sample group was formed by 43 couples. A questionnaire was applied to the 30 couples chosen by selection criteria and the alternative of response to each item was chosen by agreement between the parties. Results: Psychological abuse was found in 60 percent of the couples and combined abuse in 40 percent. In both modalities, the totality noted that punishment occurred on six or more occasions during the last year, and the male figure was the perpetrator in more than half of the times, which, 33.3 percent was under the effect of alcohol. The totality almost always referred disputes at home and stated negotiation was never used to try to solve disputes; 43.3 percent noted the affective relationships of precarious quality as the main factor of family risk associated with the current pattern of domestic violence. Conclusions: Violence was detected in all couples. Psychological abuse predominated. The authoritarian style prevailed in the couple's relationship. As a result of violent behaviour both spouses are physically and mentally damaged(AU)

Caracterização, reincidência e percepção de homens autores de violência contra a mulher sobre grupos reflexivos / Caracterización, reincidencia y percepción de hombres autores de violencia contra la mujer sobre grupos reflexivos / Characterization, recidivism and perception of men perpetrators of violence against women about reflective groups

RESUMO Este estudo busca caracterizar homens autores de violência contra mulheres (HAV) que participaram de Grupos Reflexivos (GR) do Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) em Belém-PA, com destaque para a reincidência e a percepção dos HAV sobre os GR. Trata-se de um estudo documental, com registros feitos entre 2012 e 2015. Entre os resultados, verificou-se que 33,8% desses homens (n=24) não haviam completado o Ensino Fundamental, 58,8% (n=40) eram usuários de álcool e 54,8% (n=40) conviviam com a mulher no momento da agressão. Ademais, 61,2% (n=41) deles foram processados por violência física contra a mulher, mas apenas 1,3% (n=1) reincidiram nesta forma de agressão após a participação no GR. Estes foram descritos como um mecanismo acessível na prevenção da violência, pois proporciona cuidado, aprendizado e reflexão, porém, demanda por maiores pesquisas e investimentos que se aproximem de outras políticas sociais a fim de construir uma rede sólida de reformulação das relações sociais de gênero.

RESUMEN Este estudio busca caracterizar a hombres autores de violencia contra mujeres (HAV) y su participación en Grupos Reflexivos (GR) del Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) en Belém-PA, con destaque para la reincidencia y la percepción de los HAV sobre los GR. Se trata de un estudio documental con registros realizados entre 2012 y 2015. Entre los resultados, se verificó que el 33,8% de esos hombres (n = 24) no habían completado la Enseñanza Fundamental, el 58,8% (n = 40) eran usuarios de alcohol y el 54,8% (n = 40) residían con la mujer en el momento de la agresión. Además, 61,2% (n = 41) de ellos fueron procesados por violencia física contra la mujer, pero sólo el 1,3% (n = 1) reincidieron en esta forma de agresión después de la participación en Grupos Reflexivos. Estos fueron descritos como un mecanismo accesible en la prevención de la violencia, pues proporciona cuidado, aprendizaje y reflexión, pero demanda mayores investigaciones e inversiones que se aproximen a otras políticas sociales a fin de construir una red sólida de reformulación de las relaciones sociales de género.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to characterize men who were perpetrators of violence against women (HAV) and their participation in Reflexive Groups (GR) of the Nucleus X in Belém-PA, Brazil, highlighting the recidivism and the perception of HAV about GR. This is a documentary study with records made between 2012 and 2015. Among the results, 33.8% of these men (n = 24) did not complete Elementary School, 58.8% (n = 40) were alcohol users, 54.8% (n = 40) lived with the woman at the time of the aggression. In addition, 61.2% (n = 41) were prosecuted for physical violence against women, but only 1.3% (n = 1) relapsed in this form of aggression after participating in the GR. These have been described as an accessible mechanism in the prevention of violence that provides care, learning and reflection, demand for more research and investments that approach other social politics in order to build a solid network of reformulation of social relations of gender.

Homicidio y disfuncionalidad familiar / Homicide and family dysfunction

Introducción: La familia es la instancia de intermediación entre el individuo y la sociedad. Es en ella donde la persona adquiere sus primeras experiencias, valores y concepción del mundo. Constituye el espacio por excelencia para el desarrollo de la identidad y es el primer grupo de socialización del individuo. Una familia con un funcionamiento apropiado, o familia funcional, origina el desarrollo integral de sus miembros y logra la subsistencia de estados de salud favorables en estas. Por otra parte, una familia disfuncional o con un funcionamiento inadecuado, debe ser considerada como factor de riesgo, al favorecer la aparición de enfermedades en sus miembros y la ocurrencia de hechos violentos, como el homicidio. Objetivo: Explorar la relación que existe entre la disfuncionalidad familiar y el delito de homicidio. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación retrospectiva e indirecta de todos los homicidios acaecidos en el contexto familiar en La Habana durante el año 2013, utilizando para la misma el método de autopsia psicológica. Conclusiones: En el homicidio, como máxima expresión de la violencia, existe un estrecho vínculo entre los protagonistas del homicidio y la disfuncionalidad familiar, dado por el hacinamiento, la promiscuidad y la actividad ilícita como medio de sustentación familiar, unido a esto el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas(AU)

Introduction: Family is the instance of intermediation between the individual and society. In the family, the person acquires his/her first experiences, values ​​and conception of the world. It constitutes the space par excellence for the development of identity and is the first group of socialization of the individual. A family with an appropriate functioning, or a functional family, originates the integral development of its members and achieves the subsistence of favorable health states in these. On the other hand, a dysfunctional family or one with an inadequate functioning, should be considered as a risk factor, favoring the onset of diseases in its members and the occurrence of violent acts, such as homicide. Objective: To explore the relationship between family dysfunctionality and the crime of homicide. Methods: A retrospective and indirect research was carried out of all homicides occurred in the family context in Havana during 2013, using the method of psychological autopsy. Conclusions: In homicide, as the maximum expression of violence, there is a close link between the homicide protagonists and family dysfunction, given by overcrowding, promiscuity and illegal activity as a means of family support, together with the consumption of alcohol and other drugs(AU)

Educación comunicativa contra la violencia familiar: objetivo de la Medicina General Integral / Communicative education against family violence: objective of Comprehensive General Medicine

Introducción: la familia y los profesionales de la MGI necesitan conocimientos sobre el manejo de violencia familiar como problema de salud, en cuya solución es importante la acción educativa comunicativa que se desarrolle con las familias afectadas. Se requiere la evaluación de los riesgos por los MGI. Acorde con esto, constituye una prioridad del gobierno cubano y de su sistema nacional de Salud asegurar el pleno desarrollo de nuestras familias libres de este flagelo. Objetivo: caracterizar el estado actual de la violencia familiar que favorezca la adopción de acciones en respuesta a la necesidad del conocimiento por parte de la población y de los profesionales de la salud sobre el papel de la comunicación educativa en el manejo de esta problemática de salud. Método: se realizó un estudio cualitativo intencionado a dar respuesta teórico-práctica al problema. El estudio dela variable nivel de la violencia familiar conocimiento sobre la problemática que se investiga se sustentó en la metodología de Herrera Santi P. Se exploraron criterios sobre violencia familiar, la comunicación educativa y su incidencia en la mejora de las relaciones intrafamiliares. Resultados: el diseño de un sistema de acciones educativas comunicativas familiares lideradas por profesionales de la Medicina General Integral que favoreció el eficaz manejo de la violencia familiar como problema de salud. Conclusiones: fue satisfactoria, la calidad de las acciones educativas comunicativas familiares que se derivaron de este trabajo hizo posible el cambio en las familias afectadas con la mejora en las relaciones entre sus miembros como vía factible en el logro de calidad de vida de las familias(AU)

Introduction: the family and the professionals of the MGI need knowledge about the management of family violence as a health problem, solution in the communicative educational action that is developed with the affected families. The evaluation of the risks by the MGI is required. Accordingly, it is a priority of the Cuban government and its national health system to ensure the full development of our families free of this scourge. Objective: to characterize the current state of family violence that favors the adoption of actions in response to the need of knowledge on the part of the population and health professionals about the role of educational communication in the management of this health problem. Method: an intentional qualitative study was carried out to give a theoretical-practical answer to the problem. The study of the variable level of family violence, knowledge about the problematic that is investigated was based on Herrera Santi P, s methodology. Criteria about family violence, educational communication and its incidence in the improvement of intra familial relationships were explored. Results: the design of a system of family communicative educational actions led by professionals of the Integral General Medicine that favored the effective management of family violence as a health problem. Conclusions: the quality of the communicative family educational actions that were derived was satisfactory of this work made possible the change in the affected families with the improvement in the relations among its members as a feasible way in the achievement of the quality of life of the families(AU)

Violência contra idosos: concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da detecção e prevenção / Violencia contra ancianos: conceptos de profesionales de enfermería sobre la detección y prevención / Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar as concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em Unidades Básicas de Saúde quanto à detecção e prevenção de idosos violentados. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo. Realizado em duas UBS, Mossoró/RN, utilizando roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, em março a agosto de 2013. Amostra composta por quatro enfermeiros e seis técnicos de enfermagem. Realizada análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS Identificaram-se 4 categorias: Estratégias utilizadas para identificar a violência contra o idoso; Tipos de violências contra o idoso; Conduta utilizada após constatação de uma suspeita de violência; SUS e a problemática da violência contra o idoso. Muitos profissionais reconhecem/desconfiam dos possíveis casos, entretanto, não sabem como proceder. A dimensão do problema exige que sejam realizadas intervenções pragmáticas no meio clínico e no contexto social. CONCLUSÕES Há necessidade de educação permanente para profissionais e maior comunicação entre as instâncias responsáveis pela denúncia e acolhimento.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar los conceptos de enfermeros activos en unidades básicas de la salud sobre la detección y prevención del maltrato hacia personas ancianas. MÉTODOS Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y cualitativo, realizado en dos UBS, en Mossoro/RN, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas entre marzo y agosto de 2013. Se realizó el estudio con cuatro enfermeros y seis técnicos de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo el análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS El análisis se divide en 4 categorías: Estrategias utilizadas para identificar la violencia contra ancianos; Tipos de violencia contra personas mayores; Acción utilizada luego de detectarse la violencia; y SUS y el tema de la violencia contra ancianos. Muchos profesionales reconocen/desconfían de los posibles casos, sin embargo, no saben cómo proceder. La magnitud del problema requiere de intervenciones pragmáticas que se lleven a cabo en el ámbito clínico y en el contexto social. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Existe la necesidad de una educación continua para profesionales y una mayor comunicación entre los organismos responsables de la queja y acogida.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the conceptions of the nursing professionals working in Basic Health Units regarding the detection and prevention of violence against the elderly. METHODS Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study. Performed in two BHUs in Mossoró/RN, using a semi-structured interview script, from March to August of 2013. Sample composed of four nurses and six nursing technicians. The content analysis, pre-analysis, material exploration, and treatment of results were performed. RESULTS Four categories were identified: Strategies used to identify violence against the elderly; Types of violence against the elderly; Conduct used after finding a suspicion of violence; SUS and the problem of violence against the elderly. Many professionals recognize/distrust possible cases, however, they do not know how to proceed. The dimension of the problem requires that pragmatic interventions be performed in the clinical setting and in the social context. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS There is a need for continuing education for professionals and greater communication between the bodies responsible for reporting and embracement.

Relaciones familiares desde la perspectiva de adolescentes de Querétaro, México: un estudio a partir del enfoque de la democratización familiar / Family relations from the perspective of adolescents from Querétaro, Mexico: a study based on the approach of family democratization

Las familias han estado sufriendo múltiples transformaciones en las últimas cinco décadas, experimentando cambios en su estructura, organización y sistema de relaciones. Esta investigación se da a la tarea de hacer una evaluación del grado de democratización con que los adolescentes perciben a sus familias, en el contexto de la ciudad de Querétaro (México). Utilizamos un enfoque cuantitativo con la aplicación de un cuestionario a adolescentes de secundaria (n = 286, M = 13.01±1.02 años) para medir cuatro rasgos de democratización familiar: convivencia, comunicación, violencia y autoritarismo. Encontramos una tendencia en la percepción entre adolescentes hacia evaluar a sus familias con rasgos de democratización. Sin embargo, aún hay rezagos del autoritarismo que se manifiestan en el ejercicio de la violencia como un medio para enfrentar los problemas intrafamiliares, presente en casi la mitad de los hogares estudiados (47.6%). Los hallazgos son un desafío para académicos/as y profesionales dedicados a la prevención de la violencia, para crear nuevas estrategias capaces de promover la justicia en las relaciones familiares.

During the last five decades, families have been undergoing multiple transformations, experiencing changes in their structure, organization and relationships. This research evaluates the degree of democratization with which adolescents perceive their families, in the context of the city of Querétaro (Mexico). This research uses a quantitative approach applying a questionnaire to high-school adolescents (n = 286, M = 13.01±1.02 years) in order to measure four features of family democratization: family coexistence, communication, violence and authoritarianism. We found a tendency in the perception of adolescents to evaluate their families with traces of democratization. However, there are still traces of authoritarianism that manifest in the use of violence as a means to deal with family problems, which is present in almost half of the households studied (47.6%). Findings present a challenge to academics and professionals dedicated to prevent violence, so as to create new strategies to promote justice in family coexistence.